How do I structure a theoretical framework for my research paper?

I'm writing my research paper and I'm stuck on the theoretical framework section. A guide says: “Your theoretical framework explains the lens through which you'll analyze your data” . For example, if you're studying inequality, you might use Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction or critical race theory.

But I'm not sure how to apply this. Do I just describe the theory? Or do I explain how I'm using it? A professor told me: “Don't just list theories. Explain why this theory is the right tool for your research question. Show how you'll use it in your analysis.”

Another tip: “If you're using multiple theories, explain how they work together. Don't just put them side by side.”

For those who've written theoretical frameworks, what's your process? How do you know which theory to use? And how do you show its application without it reading like a textbook chapter?

Cooper, I struggled with this too. Here's the structure that finally worked for me:

1. Identify the core problem your research addresses (1-2 sentences)
2. Introduce the theory (1 paragraph: who, what, key concepts)
3. Justify the choice (1 paragraph: why this theory and not another? What does it illuminate that other theories miss?)
4. Operationalize (1 paragraph: what do the theory's concepts look like in your specific context?)
5. Preview analysis (1 paragraph: "In my analysis, I will use concept X to examine Y")

Step 4 is the one most students skip. "Operationalize" just means: take abstract theory and make it measurable. For example, if Bourdieu talks about "cultural capital," what does that mean in your study? Parental education? Museum visits? Be specific.